I have disabled all plugins and tested on 2012 Theme. Same result. When editing a post, I can't:
- Open "Screen Options" by clicking the arrow.
- Change my featured image (the screen just jumps up to the top of the same page)
- Add a new image (clicking "add media" just doesn't seem to do anything)
- Add categories from within post
- Add tags from within post
This is a brand new installation of 3.8, not an update from 3.7.1. I went to wordpress.org today and downloaded the latest build from the front page.
It is also important to note that I CAN add new media from the Dashboard by using the Media tab. I can also view the Screen Options from the Dashboard, just not inside of a post.